Friday, May 31, 2013

Growing Pomegranate varieties

Growing Pomegranates in Western Australia


by John Burt, South Perth

General

The pomegranate (Punica granatum) is native to Iran through to north India. The main areas of world production are Turkey, Spain and California. It is an attractive deciduous large shrub/small tree, up to 4 to 5 m high. The flowers, fruits and autumn foliage are ornamental and it is often planted in home gardens from Carnarvon to southern areas of the State.
At present, the pomegranate is commercially harvested on an insignificant scale in Western Australia. The main annual imports are from California in November and December.
oldpomtreewanneroo.jpg
Fig 1 Old pomegranate tree in a mixed orchard in Wanneroo

Climate


Pomegranates would probably grow best commercially from Geraldton to Albany. They grow best in warm areas, with temperatures up to 38 °C. In inland areas, temperatures can be high and fruits can suffer from sunburn. Rainfall in summer and early autumn should be low. Established plants will survive frosts to minus 10 °C. Flowering occurs in late spring, when there are no frosts. Pomegranates do not like high humidity.

Soils

Soils can be variable, but must be well drained.
The pH (by the water system of measurement) should be 5.5 to 7.0, but the plant will grow well in slightly alkaline soils.

Varieties

There are many varieties, with a range of quality varying from very sweet (bland) to very acidic flavours and with soft seeds, medium hard seeds or hard seeds. The best quality pomegranates have a good balance of sugars and acidity, and soft seeds, which can be consumed with the pulp.

A pomegranate variety observation was conducted at Medina Research Centre in the 1990's. Fruit quality and comments are shown in Table 1 and yields were not recorded:
Table 1 Variety Observation at Medina Research Centre in the 1990's.

VarietiesExternal appearanceInternal appearance/juiciness,
acidity
Comments
Gulosha Azerbaijani, Large size, good external appearance (light pink/red skin). Large red grains.
Juicy.
Good variety.
Gulosha Rosavaya Large size, good external appearance (light pink skin). Large, red grains.
Juicy.
Best variety for combination of sweetness, acidity and external appearance.
Wonderful Medium size. Claret red skin. More acidic than Gulosha rosavaya.
Red grains.
Next best variety to Gulosha varieties, but is smaller and more acidic. Most common variety in California. Better for juicing.
Victorian Giant Large size, not very attractive skin. Grain is not highly coloured, not juicy, mild flavour. Poor variety.
Berri Large size. Skin is not attractive. Not juicy, too sweet, bland flavour. Poor variety.
Veles Medium size. Squarish shape, pink red skin Juicy, rich flavour, but very acidic May be suitable for processing.
Griffith Large size Claret red skin. Red grains, rich flavour, but slightly too acidic Fairly good variety.

Obtaining plants

Pomegranates are easily struck in potting mixture in July and early August from 20 to 30 cm cuttings when the plants are dormant. Leave the top 1 to 2 buds exposed. The cuttings should be 6 to 12 mm thick.

Ten varieties are available from Lewis Horticulture (08 8380 9598), Box 798, Virginia, South Australia 5120. These are sold in 9 cm pots, at a cost of less than $10 per plant.
Keep the plants in a sheltered position in a nursery and use a slow release, complete, fertiliser. Plant in spring, 13 to 15 months later, when the plants are 60 to 100 cm high.

Field Management

Incorporate compost into the hole before planting.

In early spring, plant in rows that face north. Space at 4 to 6 m by 2 to 6 m. Plants bear fruit on the terminal shoots of branches which receive good light. Production will decrease if spacing is too close and the branches are shaded due to the inter-mingling of branches from adjacent bushes.
Mulch plants with compost and/or organic material and apply occasional light applications of an organic manure for at least the first three years.
Wind protection is beneficial to ensure good growth. Permanent windbreaks of river she-oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) will protect plants from winds, but sucker re-growth must be removed every year.

Fertilising

The fertiliser needs of the pomegranate are moderate compared with most fruit trees. For the first four years, apply a good, mixed fertiliser each month from August to March. One suitable commercial product contains 15% N, 2.2% P, 16.6% K, 1.2% Mg, 8% S and six trace elements. Apply a total of 0.5 g per tree in year 1, 0.75 kg in year 2, 1.0 kg in year 3 1.5 kg in year 4, 2.5 kg in year 5 and 3.0 kg from year 6 onwards.
Extra applications of zinc sulphate at 2g/L may need to be sprayed onto plants grown on alkaline sandy soils. Extra manganese and iron sprays may also be needed.
A leaf analysis from a proprietary laboratory will give a guide whether the nutrients in the leaves are at deficient, satisfactory, optimum, high or toxic levels. The results must be compared with other fruit trees, as there are no comparable standards for pomegranates.

Irrigation

The pomegranate has good drought tolerance and will also withstand short periods of waterlogging. Mature plants with low level sprinklers or drip irrigation need about 5,000 to 8000 kL of water per hectare per year, from September to April.

Pomegranates have a higher salt tolerance than most fruit crops. The water quality should be less than 1000 ppm total soluble salts for best results, but plants will tolerate more than 2000 ppm total soluble salts.

Pruning

Shrubs are initially pruned at 60 cm high to form 3 to 4 main stems. For the first three years, in winter, cut back slightly the tips of new shoots, to promote the development of side shoots. Remove suckers and water shoots, especially at the base of the stem. In winter, remove crossing branches

Pests and diseases

Pomegranates have few pest and disease problems.

Mediterranean fruit fly occasionally damages fruit where the fruit is cracked and a baiting program may be needed. Fenthion (Lebaycid®) can be used to control this pest. The presence of this pest in Western Australia means that the whole fruit cannot be exported to countries where this pest is not found.
Aphids can result in a twisting of young shoots and leaves. Scale insects can damage the leaves and stems. Endosulfan (i.e. Thiodan ®) will give some control of this pest.
Parrots will attack the fruit if the shell is cracked.
Rats can damage the fruit.
Root knot nematodes can damage the roots.
Heart rot is often found in parts of the fruit and this is not obvious until the fruit is opened. It is believed to be caused by the fungal pathogen, Alternaria sp which initially attacks the flower. It is difficult to control.

Weeds

Mowing or spraying to manage weeds is preferred to cultivation in older plantings to avoid root damage. Planting or a cover crop mixture of legumes and grasses in the inter-row is advisable to manage weeds and improve soil structure.

In the plant rows, apply glyphosate (e.g. Roundup®) around the bushes, but avoid spray drift onto the leaves of the bushes, especially with young plants. This is a contact, non residual, herbicide that will kill most existing weeds. For grass control , fluazifop (Fusilade®) is registered to control existing weeds.

Fruiting

Pomegranates have attractive flowers which bloom for a long time from late spring to summer. Flowers occur on spurs of 2 to 3 year wood and also on new wood.
Pomegranates are self and cross pollinated.
The fruit is a false berry. It consists of many close packed red grains (arils), and segments which are separated by a non-edible white pith. The arils contain a seed surrounded by an edible juicy pulp. Fruit consists of 78 per cent water, 8 to 21 per cent sugars, 1.3 per cent protein, 0.9 per cent fat and 0.3 to 0.5 per cent acid.
Plants do not commence to bear well until the third to fourth year after planting. Fruit matures from March to May.
Fruit are easily bruised and should be carefully handled. It will crack when too mature, or if there is too much rainfall in autumn, high humidities, poor watering, or high winds.
Pick the fruit with clippers, just before before the fruit has started to crack. The fruit should make a metallic sound when tapped. Clip the stem close to the fruit. The fruit will not ripen off the bush. Mechanical harvesters are not available for pomegranates.
Yields are 10 to 20 t/ha, with 100 to 200 fruit per plant.
Pomegranates will store for about 1 to 2 months at ambient temperatures, or kept for seven months at 0 to 5 °C and 80 to 85 per cent relative humidity. The fruit improve in storage, becoming juicier and more flavoursome
Bushes are long-lived.

Uses

Pomegranates have a high level of polyphenols or anti-oxidants and are now being promoted as a health food, especially for the juice market.

Overseas, pomegranates are often marketed not as whole fruit, as in Australia, but as arils or juice.
Machines are available from Israel at a cost of $US 250,000 to remove the arils at 16 pomegranates per minute and less than 5 per cent are damaged. Fruit are held in cool storage before the arils are extracted. With vacuum packaging, arils can be kept for six months. Juice can easily be extracted from the separated arils. There is potential to market the juice on domestic and export markets. The percentage of juice in the fruit is about 45 to 65 per cent. The juice is also used to produce Grenadine, which is used in cocktails and to produce wine. After extraction, the waste material can be used for pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Disclaimer
The Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Agriculture and Food and the State of Western Australia accept no liability whatsoever by reason of negligence or otherwise arising from the use or release of this information or any part of it.

Ref: http://www.agric.wa.gov.au

Thursday, May 23, 2013

Growing Blueberry Varieties


Highbush Blueberry Varieties

Northern Highbush - Vaccinium corymbosum
Northern Highbush varieties are the most commonly grown around the world. They require between 750-1000 chill hours to satisfy dormancy. These high chill plants are tolerant to frost. Bushes vary in height and density and are long lived; up to 30 years. This deciduous shrub has brilliantly coloured fall foliage which is lost over the winter months.
Variety Selection Checklist
  • Does your location experience frost                                                                                                                  
  • Does your location experience between 750-1000 chill hours

Northland *

BushSpreading, vigorous bush to 1.5m.
YieldVery productive with medium size, dark, sweet fruit.
FruitFruit hangs without dropping and gets progressively sweeter.
MarketLarge picking scar makes fruit unsuitable for wholesale market sales, but is an excellent variety for U-pick, local sales, and for processing.
AreaNorthland performs exceptionally well in areas of extreme summer and winter temperatures.

Denise *

BushMedium vigour and height to 1.5m,with slightly spreading growth habit
YieldHeavy yields of big, attractive berries, makes this variety very popular with some growers.
FruitFruit is very large and round, medium blue with red around stem end. Berries usually delicious but can lose flavour once very ripe. Also can tear at picking scar.
MarketGood for fresh sales including U-pick but does not keep well.
AreaSeems to perform best in warm areas.

Bluecrop *

BushModerate vigour, but very productive, height to 2.1m. Bush requires excellent drainage.
YieldHeavy yields of big, attractive berries, makes this variety very popular with some growers.
FruitFruit is light blue, very large and firm with good flavour. Flavour is best with the first few picks and deteriorates over the season. Flavour also better when warn days are followed by cool nights.
MarketSmall picking scar - excellent fresh fruit. Most popular variety world wide. Very easy and cheap to hand pick in relation to other popular varieties. Can have a percentage of fruit that stays red and doesn’t ripen properly, but very consistent yields year to year.

Brigitta *

BushTall vigorous upright bush to 2.4m.
YieldHigh production
FruitVery large, medium blue, firm fruit with good flavour. Excellent picking scar and keeping quality. Clusters can be tight and the bloom damaged easily. Ripens two weeks after Bluecrop with similar size berries. Fruit can drop easily so care when hand harvesting is required. For pollination purposes it is best if planted near another variety.
MarketProbably the best keeping and shipping variety available. A favourite with exporters.
AreaAn Australian developed variety Brigitta is now being widely grown world wide.

Caroline *

BushMedium size plant. Moderate vigour with good bush shape.
FruitFruits a week to 10 days after Brigitta with distinctive aromatic flavoured fruit. Fruit is large with the first few picks best and deteriorating as the season progresses.
AreaAn Australian developed variety.

Elliott *

BushMedium vigour, semi upright bush.
YieldExtremely heavy yields.
FruitSmall to medium, powder blue, firm, slightly tart berries. Berries come off in just a few picks. Berries soften with extreme temperature.
AreaSuits cooler districts.

Reka *

BushUpright vigorous growth.
YieldHigh yields.
FruitMedium sized good flavoured firm berries. Ripening between Earliblue and Bluecrop.
MarketSuitable for the fresh market, U-pick and processing.
AreaIntroduced from N.Z. Reka has displayed exceptional vigour under a wide range of soil conditions overseas, suggesting it should do well in most high chill areas of Australia.

Nui *

BushThe spreading bush is slow to establish. Likes humus rich soils.
YieldModerate yields.
FruitBerries are extremely large, light blue, firm, outstanding flavour and superior keeping quality.

Puru *

BushUpright, sturdy bush of moderate vigour.
FruitFruit is Bluecrop size, light blue, small recessed scar with exceptional highly aromatic flavour.
NotesA favourite variety in Japan.
* The observations made about these plants, have been made at Moondarra in Gippsland, Victoria. Different climatic conditions and soil could show different results. Please use this information as a guide only.

Thursday, May 16, 2013

rotate movies

Rotate a Video 90 degrees with VLC or Windows Live Movie Maker

Have you ever captured video with your cell phone or camcorder only to discover when you play it back on your computer that the video is rotated 90 degrees? Or maybe you shot it that way on purpose because you preferred portrait style to a landscape view? Before you go straining your neck or flipping your monitor on it’s side to watch your video, we’ll show you a few easier methods.
If you simply want to rotate the video while you watch it, we’ll show you how to accomplish that with VLC Media Player. If you want to convert the video so it is rotated permanently, we’ll show you how to do that with Windows Live Movie Maker and output your video as a WMV file.
Rotate and Watch a Video in VLC
Download, install, and run VLC Media Player. (See download link below)
sshot-12
Open your video file by going to Media > Open File… and browsing for your file. Or, by just dragging and dropping your video onto the VLC player.

Choose Tools from the Menu bar and select Effects and Filters.

On the Video Effects tab, tick the Transform checkbox and choose your degrees of rotation. The video is rotated counter-clockwise, so to rotate clockwise 90 degrees you’ll want to choose Rotate by 270 degrees.

Now you can enjoy your video the way it was intended to be viewed.

Rotate and Convert the Video with Windows Live Movie Maker
Starting with Windows 7, Windows Movie Maker no longer comes pre-installed with the OS. It’s now part of the Windows Live suite that is available as a separate, free download for Windows 7 and Vista. (Windows XP is not supported) You can find the link to our detailed instruction on how to install Windows Live at the end of the article.
To add your video files to Windows Movie Maker, click on Add videos and photos on the Home tab, or drag and drop the video into the blank area on the right side of the application.

Next, you’ll need to rotate the video. Staying on the Home tab, click on the Rotate right 90°
or Rotate left 90°.

You’ll see your video is now oriented properly on the left.

To save and convert your video to WMV format, click the Movie Maker tab just to the left of the Home tab. Hover your cursor over Save movie, and then select your output settings. You also have the option to burn directly to DVD.

Browse for a location to save it and rename the output file if you’d like. Click Save.

You’ll be notified when the file is complete.

Now you’ll have your video properly oriented in WMV file format.

These are two rather easy ways to accomplish rotating your video. Unfortunately, Windows Live Movie Maker doesn’t give you a lot of options for output. If you want to output to a file, your only choice is WMV format or DVD. However, previous versions will also allow you to export to AVI.

Ref : http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/14751/rotate-a-video-90-degrees-with-vlc-or-windows-live-movie-maker/

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Citrus fruiting season in Australia

Eureka Lemon - Citrus limon 'Eureka'

The most commonly planted lemon. A large variety with a true 'bitter' taste, high in juice and acid. Fruits most of the year, has medium-skinned fruit with few seeds. Fruit is medium to large in size and grows well in most parts of Australia. Has fewer thorns than other varieties.

The flavour of 'Eureka' and 'Lisbon' is very similar. Dwarf varieties available also.

Season - spring and summer months.
Height: 4-6m   Width: 4-6m
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E8, E10 


Lisbon Lemon - Citrus limon 'Lisbon'

A good quality ‘bitter’ lemon, comparatively higher in juice and acidity levels. These trees are vigorous growers and extremely productive. Branches are particularly thorny, especially when young.

The flavour of 'Eureka' and 'Lisbon' is very similar. Dwarf varieties available also.

Season – winter to spring.
Height: 6-8m   Width: 6-8m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium to large shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E8 Outdoor Area

Meyer Lemon - Citrus limon x sinensis 'Meyer'

Lemon ‘Meyer’ is a hybrid that is more cold tolerant than other lemon varieties. It is a smaller, bushier tree producing numerous crops of medium sized lemons throughout the year. The fruit is round orange/yellow in colour with a thin rind, has high juice content and a mild, low acidic flavour. The fruit is mainly produced during autumn and winter.

A popular choice as it is visually appealing with lush glossy leaves and is the most aromatic of any lemon tree.

Ideal for growing in containers and pots. Dwarf varieties available also.
Height: 4-6m   Width: 4-6m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium shrub.Glossy green foliage, a more compact variety of lemon.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E8, E10 Outdoor Area

Lemonade Tree - Citrus Limon X reticulate 'Lemonade'

The Lemonade Tree originated in Australia. It is a sweet juicy fruit, tasting like lemonade - without the bubbles. It is a heavily producing citrus tree, crossed between a lemon and a mandarin. It can be eaten straight from the tree. The fruit is a lot sweeter than a traditional lemon, with a refreshing taste. The sweetness of the fruit increases the longer the fruit remains on the tree. Often has thorns.

Season – year round.
Height: 3-4m   Width: 3-4m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Small to Medium shrub.Glossy green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E10 Outdoor Area

Tahitian Lime - Citrus latifolia

The Tahitian is the most popular lime tree and produces very juicy fruit year round. The seedless fruit is small, round and green with a lovely mild taste with a low acid content. Easy to grow and has a dense branching habit, making them ideal for small gardens or pots/containers. Fruit ripens in autumn. Dwarf varieties available also.

Season – autumn to winter
Height: 3-4m   Width:3-4m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Small to Medium shrub.Glossy green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E8, E10 Outdoor Area

Kaffir Lime - Citrus hystrix

Kaffir Limes are grown mainly for its aromatic double-lobed leaves used predominantly in Thai, and other Asian cooking.

The small fruit is knobbly, has little juice and not edible – but its oil has strong insecticidal properties.

To increase foliage growth, remove fruit from tree. Great in pots / containers.
Height: 2-4m   Width: 2-4m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Small to Medium shrub.Glossy green, highly aromatic, double lobed foliage.Foliage is highly aromatic when crushed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E10 

West Indian Lime / Key Lime - Citrus aurantifolia

The West Indian Lime is similar to the Tahitian but is smaller with a stronger, more acidic flavoured fruit. A smaller growing tree than the Tahitian that needs protection from frosts in the early years.

Stems have thorns. Lime 'West Indian' is a cold tolerant lime.

Season – summer and autumn.
Height: 3-4m  Width: 3-4m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Small to Medium shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10   

Rangpur Lime - Citrus x limonia 'Rangpur'

Rangpur is often mistaken for a mandarin as the orange-skinned fruit looks similar. The fruit is very acidic and really only suitable for use in drinks.

The fruit is easily peeled and broken into segments like a mandarin, but has a strong lime flavour. A vigorous attractive tree that is more cold tolerant than true limes.

Season – autumn to spring.
Height: 3-4m  Width: 3-4m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10   

Blood Orange - Citrus sinensis

Blood Oranges require a hot dry climate to produce the best coloured and tasting fruit.

Fruit matures mid-season, have deep red flesh, and are very juicy and sweet flavoured. Dwarf varieties available also.

Season - July to September.
Height: 3-6m  Width: 3-6m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium to Large shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10   

Lane's Late Navel Orange - Citrus sinensis 'Lane's Late Navel'

Lane's Late Navel is very similar to the 'Washington Navel', however the fruit ripens a few months later in late winter to early spring.

It produces large fruit with juicy, sweet, seedless flesh. Easy to peel and segment. Dwarf varieties available also.

Season – July to October.
Height: 6-8m  Width: 6-8m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium to Large shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10   Outdoor Area

Leng Navel Orange - Citrus sinensis 'Leng Navel'

The Leng Navel is an early maturing navel orange which is very juicy. The fruit is slightly smaller in size to other oranges and has a finer rind texture and thinner skin.

Excellent eating orange, also used for juicing.
Height: 3-4m  Width: 3-4m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Small to Medium shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10   

Valencia Orange - Citrus sinensis 'Valencia'

Valencia has a medium, thin-skinned fruit with few or no seeds. It is a popular, fast growing and hardy tree. Fruit is sweet and juicy and are heavy croppers. Valencia is great for juicing and eating.

The skin is often orange with a tinge of green to it when they are ripe.

Valencia oranges are generally available year round as the trees crop regularly and unlike other oranges the fruit can be held on the tree, making it sweeter than most. Seedless and Dwarf varieties available also.

Season – winter to summer.
Height: 6-8m  Width: 6-8m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium to Large shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E10 Outdoor Area

Washington Navel Orange - Citrus sinensis 'Washington Navel'

The Washington Navel is the oldest and most popular orange tree. Medium to large round, seedless fruit from early winter.

The fruit is very juicy, sweet and excellent in flavour. More suited to cool climates. Dwarf varieties available also.

Season – May to September.
Height: 6-8m  Width: 6-8m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium Large shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E10 

Afourer Mandarin - Citrus reticulata 'Afourer'

The Afourer is almost seedless, with a sweet and refreshing in flavoured fruit. Easy to peel, vibrant orange skin.

Season – June to September.
Height: 3-5m  Width: 3-5m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium to Large shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10   

Emperor Mandarin - Citrus reticulata 'Emperor'

The Emperor is a popular mandarin producing medium to large, deep orange juicy fruit with good flavour.

Easiest to peel in the Mandarin family with its puffy skin that separates from the flesh.

Season – May to June.
Height: 3-4m  Width: 3-4m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E10 

Imperial Mandarin - Citrus reticulata 'Imperial'

The Imperial is the most popular grown Mandarin. The vibrant orange fruit is small to medium in size and sweet with few seeds. It is easy to peel, making it popular with children.

Dwarf varieties available also.

Season - March to August.
Height: 3-4m  Width: 3-4m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E10 

Honey Murcott Mandarin - Citrus reticulata 'Honey Murcott'

The Honey Murcott is the sweetest mandarin but has more seeds than the Imperial. The fruit is large and flat with thin skin and an excellent flavour - high juice and sugar content.

Dwarf varieties available also.

Season - Aug to Oct in warm regions (late maturing) – often longer in cooler regions.
Height: 3-4m  Width: 3-4m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E10 

Silverhill Mandarin or Satsuma Mandarin - Citrus reticulata 'Silverhill' (Satsuma)

A seedless bright orange fleshed fruit which is easy to peel and separate. The fruit is medium sized, flat in shape and very sweet and juicy.

Very cold hardy and easy to grow in a well drained, sunny position.

Suitable for gardens or pots/containers.

Season – early June.
Height: 2-3m  Width: 2-3m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Small shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10   

Wheeny Grapefruit - Citrus x paradisi 'Wheeny'

A popular, heavy cropping grapefruit with large round fruit. Flesh is light coloured and has a distinctive lemon flavour with many seeds. A vigorous grower with large juicy, thick-skinned, sour fruit.

Will tolerate coastal conditions and cooler temperatures more than other grapefruits.

Season – June to July.
Height: 6-8m  Width: 6-8m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Medium to Large shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10   

Calamondin Cumquat - Citrus mitis 'Calamondin'

Calamondin is the most popular grown cumquat. It produces a small round fruit with bright orange skin. The flesh is acidic and sour, perfect for marmalade, preserves or liqueurs. Foliage is bushy and dense making it ideal for pots/containers. The shrub has few thorns and is cold hardy. Cumquats are often budded into topiary / standards.

A variegated foliage form is also available.

Season - April to August
Height: 3-4m  Width: 3-4m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Small to Medium shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E10 Outdoor Area

Marumi Cumquat - Fortunella japonica 'Marumi'

A compact, evergreen shrub with small round golden orange fruit with tight skin and sour taste. Very similar to Cumquat ‘Nagami’. It is a small growing tree with bushy dense foliage. Fruit is perfect for marmalade, preserves or liqueurs. Great citrus for growing in pots and containers.

Season - April to August.
Height: 1-2m  Width: 1m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Small shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10   

Nagami Cumquat - Fortunella margarita 'Nagami'

A compact shrub that produces an oval shaped golden yellow fruit which can be eaten fresh and whole (with skin) – the skin has a sweeter flavour and helps counter act the sour flesh. This citrus ripens mid to late winter and crops heavily, creating a stunning display.

Fruit is perfect for marmalade, preserves or liqueurs.

Great citrus for growing in pots and containers.

Season - April to August.
Height: 1-2m  Width: 1m  
Form:Foliage:Perfumed:Flowers:
Small shrub.Glossy, green foliage.Sweetly perfumed.White Flowers.
Plantmark Stand Locations:
Lynbrook VICThomastown VICWerribee VICKellyville NSWMerrimac QLD
  A10  E10